Everything about The Large Intestine totally explained
The
large intestine is the last part of the
digestive system: the final stage of the
alimentary canal in
vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb the remaining water from indigestible food matter, as well as store the useless nutrients and wastes and flush them from the body.
The large intestine starts in the right
iliac region of the
pelvis, just at or below the right waist. Joined to the bottom end of the
small intestine, it consists of the
cecum and
colon. The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the
intestinal canal.
Function and relation to other organs
The large intestine takes 12-25 hours to finish up the remaining processes of the digestive system. Food isn't broken down any further in this stage of digestion. The large intestine simply absorbs vitamins that are created by the bacteria inhabiting the colon. It is also very important in absorbing water and compacting the feces, it also stores fecal matter in the rectum until eliminated through the anus. It is also responsible for passing along solid waste.
The large intestine differs most obviously from the
small intestine in being wider and in showing the longitudinal layer of the muscularis have been reduced to 3 strap-like structures known as the
taeniae coli. The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar
epithelium. Instead of having the evaginations of the small intestine (villi) the large intestine has invaginations (the intestinal glands). While both the small intestine and the large intestine have goblet cells, they're abundant in the large intestine.
The vermiform appendix is attached to its posteromedial surface of the large intestine. It contains masses of lymphoid tissue. It is a part of
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which gives the appendix an important role in immunity. Appendicitis is the result of a blockage that traps infectious material in the lumen. The appendix can be removed with no damage or consequence to the patient.
The large intestine extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus and is about 1.5m long. On the surface, bands of longitudinal muscle fibers called taeniae coli, each about 5mm wide, can be identified. There are three bands and they start at the base of the appendix and extend from the cecum to the rectum. Along the sides of the taeniae, tags of peritoneum filled with fat, called epiploic appendages (or appendices epiploicae) are found. The sacculations, called haustra, are characteristic features of the large intestine, and distinguish it from the rest of the intestinal.
Bacterial flora
The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions.
The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested
polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by
passive diffusion. The bicarbonate the large intestine secretes helps to neutralise the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.
These bacteria also produce small amounts of
vitamins, especially
vitamin K and Biotin (a
B vitamin), for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins generally provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin deficient if treated with
antibiotics that inhibit other species of bacteria as well as the disease-causing bacteria.
Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of the gases hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulphide. Bacterial fermentation of undigested
polysaccharides produces these.
The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues, including the cecum and
lymphatics.
They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens, thereby preventing infection or invasion.
The most prevalent bacteria are the
bacteroides, which have been implicated in the initiation of
colitis and
colon cancer.
Bifidobacteria are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly bacteria'.
A
mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria. This mucus layer is called the
mucosal barrier.
Parts and location
Parts of the large intestine are:
Locations along the colon are:
The ascending colon
The right colic flexure (hepatic)
The transverse colon
The transverse mesocolon
The left colic flexure (splenic)
The descending colon
The sigmoid colon - the s shaped region of the large intestine
Additional images
Image:Gray538.png|Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.Further Information
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